Tiếp nối chuỗi các bài blogs trước về từ vựng Writing Task 2, hôm nay Etrain sẽ gửi đến các bạn một số từ và cụm từ đắt dùng trong chủ đề Crime and the Law nhé. Đây là chủ đề thường gặp trong các bài viết và cũng gây không ít khó khăn với các bạn đang học và ôn thi IELTS. Chúng ta bắt đầu tìm hiểu nhé!
Type of crime
– Arson (noun)
Meaning: The criminal act of deliberately setting fire to property.
Vietnamese: Tội phóng hỏa
– Set fire to (phrasal verb)
Meaning: Cause to burn; ignite
Vietnamese: Phóng hỏa
Example: Arson is the crime of deliberately setting fire to something, especially a building. It is usually referred as the crime against property, but sometimes people get hurt as well.
– Child abuse (noun phrase)
Meaning: Physical maltreatment or sexual molestation of a child.using violence or threats
Vietnamese: Tội lạm dụng trẻ em
Example: Child abuse can happen in different ways, and can include neglect as well as physical, emotional and sexual abuse.
– Burglary (noun)
Meaning: The crime of entering a building illegally and stealing things from it
Vietnamese: Tội ăn trộm
– Murder (noun)
Meaning: The killing of a person
Vietnamese: Giết người
– Petty crimes (noun phrase)
Meaning: Small crimes
Vietnamese: Tội vặt
– Vandalism (noun)
Meaning: Deliberate destruction of private or public properties
Vietnamese: Phá hoại của công
– Pickpocketing (noun)
Meaning: The act of stealing from other people’s pockets
Vietnamese: Móc túi
– Assault (noun)
Meaning: The act of attacking someone physically
Vietnamese: Hành hung
Example: The poor and the uneducated often commit many types of violent crimes such as murder, stabbing, assault, as well as petty crimes like burglary, pickpocketing or vandalism.
– White-collar crimes (noun phrase)
Meaning: Nonviolent and financially motivated crimes committed by government officials or businessmen
Vietnamese: Tội danh cổ trắng, tội liên quan tới tiền bạc và tài chính
– Fraud (noun)
Meaning: Wrongful or criminal deception resulting in financial gains
Vietnamese: Lừa đảo
– Tax evasion (noun phrase)
Meaning: The crime of not paying taxes
Vietnamese: Tội trốn thuế
Example: There are white-collar crimes such as fraud or tax evasion. These non-violent crimes are sometimes even more serious than violent crimes as they can cause huge lost to governments and societies.
Police and crime prevention
The police functions
– Detect (verb)
Meaning: Discover or identify the presence or existence of.
Vietnamese: phát hiện
– Prevent (verb)
Meaning: Keep (something) from happening.
Vietnamese: ngăn chặn
– Investigate (verb)
Meaning: Carry out a systematic or formal inquiry to discover and examine the facts of (an incident, allegation, etc.) so as to establish the truth.
Vietnamese: Điều tra
Example: Generally, the purpose of the police is to detect, prevent and investigate crimes.
– Criminal (noun)
Meaning: A person who has committed a crime.
Vietnamese: tội phạm
Example: Another function of the police is to catch criminals, ensuring the security of society.
– Raise the people’s awareness (phrasal verb)
Vietnamese: nâng cao nhận thức của mọi người
Example: Sometimes police officers also take part in education, raising people’s awareness and understanding of how to protect themselves and protect their property.
– Law enforcement (noun phrase)
Meaning: The act of making the law practical
Vietnamese: Việc thực thi luật pháp
– To be entitled to (verb)
Meaning: to have right to
Vietnamese: có quyền
– Violate the law (phrasal verb)
Meaning: To break the law
Vietnamese: Vi phạm pháp luật
Example: Police officers also play a central role in the law enforcement system. To be more specific, policemen, such as traffic policemen, are entitled to fine or punish people who violate the law.
Police and schools
– Gang (noun)
Meaning: An organized group of criminals
Vietnamese: Băng đảng
– Deter (verb)
Meaning: To prevent
Vietnamese: Ngăn cản
– Offender (noun)
Meaning: A criminal
Vietnamese: Tội phạm
Example: Teenagers may become involved with gangs because of their poor awareness of crimes and law. For that reason, police should be in close contact with students to deter them from becoming offenders in the future.
– Patrol (noun)
Meaning: The action of keeping watch over an area.
Vietnamese: Việc đi tuần tra
– Violence (noun)
Meaning: Behaviour involving physical force intended to hurt, damage, or kill someone or something
Vietnamese: Bạo lực
– A fight (noun)
Meaning: A violent confrontation or struggle
Vietnamese: Vụ đánh nhau, ẩu đả
– Handle (verb)
Meaning: to solve
Vietnamese: giải quyết
Example: There should be police officers patrolling schools in order to stop violence. A kid is less likely to start a fight if a police is there. If there is an emergency, it is better to have someone who is trained to handle it.
Imprisonment
Positives
– Incarceration (noun)
Meaning: The act of putting somebody in prison or in another place from which they cannot escape; the state of being there.
Vietnamese: Sự giam giữ
– Deterrent (noun)
Meaning: A thing that prevents somebody doing something
Vietnamese: Sự ngăn cản
Example: One reason why incarceration is necessary is that it can function as a deterrent for those intending to commit a crime.
– Social isolation (noun phrase)
Meaning: The act of separating somebody from the society
Vietnamese: Sự cô lập về mặt xã hội
Example: If the criminals know that they will face loss of freedom, social isolation and separation from their loved ones when committing crimes, they will possibly not carry out such a criminal act.
– Jail (noun)
Meaning: A prison
Vietnamese: Nhà tù
Example: Another advantage of imprisonment is that it protects society from dangerous and violent criminals. If dangerous criminals are not sent to jail, this might be a great threat for other people.
– Reflect on (verb)
Meaning: Think deeply or carefully about
Vietnamese: Suy ngẫm lại
– Reform (verb)
Meaning: To improve a system, an organization, a law, etc. by making changes to it
Vietnamese: Cải tổ
Example: Finally, prison time gives offenders the chance to reflect on their actions and reform their behaviour.
– Keep an eye on (phrasal verb)
Meaning: Keep under careful observation.
Vietnamese: Để mắt đến
Example: After getting out, the criminals will be on probation and police officers will keep an eye on them so that they at least start trying to do the right thing in their life.
Negatives
– Behind bars (idiom)
Meaning: In prison
Vietnamese: Trong tù
Example: Psychologists agreed with the idea that people who have to spend a considerable number of years behind bars are seriously affected psychologically.
– Integrate into (phrasal verb)
Meaning: Combine (one thing) with another to form a whole
Vietnamese: Hòa nhập với
Example: Additionally, the relationships of a person often breakdown while he or she is in jail, making it harder for them to integrate into society later on.
– Operate (verb)
Meaning: control the functioning of (a machine, process, or system)
Vietnamese: vận hành
– Budget (noun)
Meaning: An annual or other regular estimate of national revenue and expenditure put forward by a finance minister.
Vietnamese: ngân sách
Example: Moreover, operating and maintaining a prison usually cost a large amount of state budget, which is funded by taxpayers.
– Counterproductive (adj)
Meaning: Having the opposite of the desired effect.
Vietnamese: phản tác dụng
Example: Finally, imprisonment can be counterproductive as prison can become a school of crime where prisoners educate each other about criminal matters.
Capital punighment
Positives
– Capital punishment = Death penalty (noun phrase)
Meaning: Punishment by death
Vietnamese: Tử hình
– Serial murderer (noun phrase)
Meaning: A person who commits many cases of murder
Vietnamese: Kẻ giết người hàng loạt
Example: Death penalty ensures the security of our society by ending the life of murderers and serial murderers.
– Justice system (noun phrase)
Meaning: The fair treatment system of people
Vietnamese: Hệ thống tư pháp
Example: If the criminal knows that the justice system will not refrain from putting him to death, he is less inclined to break the law in the first place.
– Judgement (noun)
Meaning: The ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible conclusions.
Vietnamese: sự đánh giá
Example:
– Victim (noun)
Meaning: A person who has been attacked, injured or killed as the result of a crime, a disease, an accident, etc.
Vietnamese: Nạn nhân
Example: The death penalty provides final judgements for victims.
– Console (verb)
Meaning: To give comfort or sympathy to somebody who is unhappy or disappointed
Vietnamese: An ủi
– Put to death (phrasal verb)
Meaning: To kill somebody as a punishment
Vietnamese: Tử hình
Example: At least, a system with the purpose of granting justice can partly console their pains only when the murderer himself is put to death.
– Burden (noun)
Meaning: A load, typically a heavy one.
Vietnamese: gánh nặng
– Social welfare (noun phrase)
Meaning: The well-being of a community or society, especially with regard to health and economic matters
Vietnamese: phúc lợi xã hội
Example: Capital punishment helps reduce the cost spent on maintaining and operating prisons. It reduces the burden on taxpayers, while the national budget can be used for many other essential purposes such as healthcare or social welfare.
Negatives
– Subject (verb)
Meaning: To defeat people or a country and then control them against their wishes and limit their freedom.
Vietnamese: Chịu đựng
– Inhuman (adjective)
Meaning: Extremely cruel
Vietnamese: Vô nhân đạo
– Torture (noun)
Meaning: Great physical or mental suffering.
Vietnamese: sự tra tấn
Example: Capital punishment can be considered as violating human rights. No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.
– Execution (noun)
Meaning: the act of killing somebody, especially as a legal punishment
Vietnamese: tử hình
Example: Sometimes it can lead to wrong executions, which puts innocent lives at risk.
– Convict (verb)
Meaning: Declare (someone) to be guilty of a criminal offence by the verdict of a jury or the decision of a judge in a court of law
Vietnamese: Kết án
– Put into the death row (phrasal verb)
Meaning: To put someone to a prison block or section for those sentenced to death
Vietnamese: Tống vào xà lim
– Innocence (noun)
Meaning: A fact of being innocent of a crime or offence
Vietnamese: Sự vô tội
Example: For instance, in the US, a total of 69 people were wrongly convicted and put into the death row in 1973 and only released after evidence of their innocence emerged.
– Rehabilitation (noun)
Meaning: The action of restoring someone to health or normal life through training and therapy after imprisonment, addiction, or illness.
Vietnamese: sự phục hồi
Example: Ending people’s lives fails to make our society better while rehabilitation and re-education can help murderers or dangerous criminals to be aware of their mistakes.
Corruption – effects and solutions
– Corruption (noun)
Meaning: Dishonest or illegal behaviour, especially of people in authority
Vietnamese: Tham nhũng
Example: With regards to economy, corruption causes the delay in development speed and the decrease in foreign investment.
– Transparency (noun)
Meaning: The quality of something, such as a situation or an argument, that makes it easy to understand
Vietnamese: Sự minh bạch
– Empower (verb)
Meaning: Give (someone) the authority or power to do something.
Vietnamese: trao quyền
Example: Another solution to corruption is to promote transparency by increasing public participation in a country and empowering its citizens
– Impunity (noun)
Meaning: Exemption from punishment or freedom from the injurious consequences of an action.
Vietnamese: Sự miễn phạt
Example: Effective law enforcement is essential to ensure the corrupted are punished and not break the cycle of impunity.
Juvenile delinquency
Causes
– Juvenile delinquency (noun)
Meaning: The problem of young people who are not yet adults committing crime
Vietnamese: Phạm tội vị thành niên
– Immature (adj)
Meaning: Not fully developed.
Vietnamese: chưa trưởng thành
– Prone to (adjective)
Meaning: Likely or liable to suffer from, do, or experience something unpleasant or regrettable.
Vietnamese: Mắc sai lầm
Example: The first cause of juvenile delinquency is that teens are still immature and do not think like adults, therefore they are prone to making mistakes or committing crimes that are not fully in their control.
– Go astray (phrasal verb)
Meaning: To become lost; to be stolen
Vietnamese: Lạc lối
– Violent (adjective)
Meaning: Involving or caused by physical force that is intended to hurt or kill somebody
Vietnamese: Bạo lực
Example: Moreover, being a victim of or witnessing domestic violence at home, children can also go astray and become violent as well.
– Financial condition (noun phrase)
Meaning: Condition related to finace
Vietnamese: Điều kiện tài chính
– Livelihood (noun)
Meaning: A means of securing the necessities of life.
Vietnamese: cuộc sống
Example: Thirdly, both youths and adults may choose a wrong path to improve their financial conditions. When they experience poor economic conditions, they start engaging in the wrong activities like selling drugs or stealing things to improve their livelihood.
– Peer pressure (noun phrase)
Meaning: Influence from members of one’s peer group
Vietnamese: Áp lực bạn bè
– Engage in (phrasal verb)
Meaning: To take part in
Vietnamese: Tham gia vào
Example: Finally, peer pressure is another reason why some teenagers engage in risky behaviors because they want to fit in or be accepted by a group of students or gang.
Consequences
– Expense (noun)
Meaning: Money
Vietnamese: Chi phí
Example: The most obvious people affected by juvenile delinquency are the victims who may suffer expenses related to losing wages, health care, or psychological care in addition to the cost of replacing damaged or destroyed items.
– Incarcerate (verb)
Meaning: To put somebody in prison or in another place from which they cannot escape
Vietnamese: Bỏ tù
Example: Additionally, the juvenile who commits a crime also suffers from the loss of freedom while being incarcerated or placed on probation.
– Residential detention centers for juveniles (noun phrase)
Meaning: Place to keep adolescences
Vietnamese: Trại giáo dưỡng trẻ vị thành niên
– Delinquent (noun)
Meaning: a young person who shows a tendency to commit crimes
Vietnamese: tội phạm vị thành niên
Example: Finally, although placement in residential detention centers for juveniles may be appropriate consequences for the adolescent’s criminal actions, it also puts him or her in contact with other delinquents, who may be more sophisticated or influential.
Solutions
– Pay attention to (phrasal verb)
Meaning: listen/look after somebody
Vietnamese: chú ý đến
Example: In order to prevent juvenile crimes taking place, parents should pay more attention to take care of and educate their children properly.
– Commit crime (phrasal verb)
Meaning: carry out crime
Vietnamese: Phạm tội
– Break the rule (phrasal verb)
Vietnamese: phá luật
Example: Schools also should try their best to teach crime prevention in lessons to prevent adolescents from committing crimes or breaking the rules.
Rehabilitation
– Rehabilitation (noun)
Meaning: The action of restoring someone to health or normal life through training and therapy after imprisonment, addiction, or illness.
Vietnamese: Sự cải tạo
– Undergo (verb)
Meaning: Experience
Vietnamese: Trải qua
– Social adjustment (noun phrase)
Meaning: The movement or alteration related to society
Vietnamese: Sự điều chỉnh về mặt xã hội
– Re-enter prison (phrasal verb)
Meaning: To go to the prison again
Vietnamese: Tái ngồi tù
– Release (noun phrase)
Meaning: The action or process of releasing or being released.
Vietnamese: Sự thả
Example: Rehabilitation of a prisoner is a stage reached when a person, after admission into prison, undergoes specifically planned programs that will help him or her to fit well into society (social adjustment), be accepted by family and community and not to re-enter prison after release.
– Vocational training (noun phrase)
Meaning: The training of an occupation or employment
Vietnamese: Sự đào tạo nghề nghiệp
Example: Prisoners would receive vocational training so after being released from prison, they could work as carpenters or electricians, for instance.
– Resort to criminal practice (phrasal verb)
Meaning: Go to crime violation
Vietnamese: Sa vào con đường tội phạm
Example: Education helps to equip people with knowledge and skills that they may use in the outside world, avoid resorting to criminal practices as a result of unemployment.
– Offender (noun)
Meaning: A person who commits an illegal act.
Vietnamese: Tội phạm
– Reform (verb)
Meaning: Make changes in (something, especially an institution or practice) in order to improve it.
Vietnamese: cải tạo
Example: Rehabilitation aims to make them better citizens, which is the more important duty of prisons. It also helps and reforms offenders, leads them to the correct behaviour in life.
Cyber crime
Causes
– Cyber-crime (noun phrase)
Meaning: Criminal activities carried out by means of computers or the Internet.
Vietnamese: Tội phạm mạng
– Information theft (noun phrase)
Meaning: The action of stealing information of somebody
Vietnamese: Sự đánh cắp thông tin
– Virus distribution (noun phrase)
Meaning: The action of sharing virus
Vietnamese: Sự phát tán virus
– Computer fraud (noun phrase)
Meaning: Wrongly or criminal actions intended to the money via computer
Vietnamese: Sự lừa đảo qua máy tính
Example: Cyber-crime – including everything from information theft to virus distribution and computer fraud – is a complex area of criminology.
– Hacker (noun)
Meaning: A person who uses computers to gain unauthorized access to data.
Vietnamese: người đánh cắp dữ liệu
Example: Some people may be unaware of the importance of protecting their own online profile or personal information. Hackers can take advantage of this and steal money from them.
Solutions
– Store (verb)
Meaning: Keep or accumulate (something) for future use
Vietnamese: Lưu trữ
Example: Some people have habit of storing all data on their computer without any password.
– Access code (noun phrase)
Meaning: A string of numbers and/or letters which, when entered by a user, allows access to a telecommunications service, computer system, etc.
Vietnamese: Mã code
Example: Therefore, they should create an access code to protect the hackers use their computers.
– Bypass firewalls (phrasal verb)
Meaning: Overcome a kind of computer protection
Vietnamese: Vượt tường lửa
– Malware (noun)
Meaning: Software which is specifically designed to disrupt, damage, or gain authorized access to a computer system.
Vietnamese: Phần mềm độc hại
Example: The hackers have ability to bypass the firewalls and also set up the malwares into the computers of the useers.
– Security software (noun phrase)
Meaning: The program written to protect computer
Vietnamese: Phần mềm an ninh
Example: Obviously, you need to protect your computer with security software first.
– Antivirus program (noun phrase)
Meaning: Program designed to detect and destroy computer viruses
Vietnamese: Chương trình chống virus
Example: Several types of security software are necessary for basic online security including firewall and antivirus programs.
– Making online purchase (noun phrase)
Meaning: Pay for something via Internet
Vietnamese: Mua bán qua mạng
Example: Information theft is one of the most common cyber-crimes, so protecting your identity online is an urgent task. Be certain to make sure websites are secure when making online purchases.
Trên đây đã là khá nhiều các từ vựng liên quan đến tội phạm nói chung rồi đúng không nào. Chủ đề này tuy khó nhưng có lẽ giờ đã trở nên dễ dàng hơn nhờ có các từ vựng thích hợp rồi đúng không nào?
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